What is the difference between summative and formative assessments?

The distinction between summative and formative assessments is rooted in their purposes and timing within the educational process. Summative assessments are typically administered at the conclusion of an instructional unit or educational period, with the goal of evaluating what students have learned and to determine whether they have achieved the learning objectives. These assessments often take the form of final exams, projects, or standardized tests that provide a comprehensive overview of student learning outcomes.

On the other hand, formative assessments are used throughout the instructional process to gather feedback on student understanding and to inform instruction. They allow teachers to monitor student progress and adapt their teaching strategies to meet learners' needs in real-time. Formative assessments can include quizzes, discussions, observations, and other interactive activities that help identify areas where students may be struggling before they reach the summative assessment.

This understanding of assessment types clarifies why the correct response emphasizes that summative assessments evaluate student learning at the end of an instructional unit, while formative assessments are ongoing measures that support learning throughout the instructional period.