In which learning theory is the use of positive and negative reinforcement prevalent?

The use of positive and negative reinforcement is most closely associated with behaviorism. This learning theory focuses on observable behaviors and the ways they are shaped by the environment. In behaviorism, positive reinforcement refers to the introduction of a favorable stimulus after a desired behavior is exhibited, which increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unfavorable stimulus when a desired behavior occurs, also reinforcing that behavior.

Behaviorism emphasizes the role of external stimuli in influencing behavior, making reinforcement a central mechanism in the learning process. Through repeated reinforcement, learners build associations between their actions and the consequences, leading to the acquisition of new skills or behaviors. This principle is often utilized in various educational settings to promote desired outcomes among students.